1 Alliteration
- the use in speech or writing of several words close together which all begin with the same letter or sound
ex) (2nd paragraph) …symbolic shadow we stand today, signed…
(7th) …from the dark and desolate valley…
(8th) This sweltering summer of the Negro’s…
(10th) The marvelous new militancy…
(15th) …great trials and tribulations
The alliteration makes the speech poetic, making it pleasant and comfortable on the ears. It is catchy and sometimes humorous, which attracts audiences’ attention.
2 Anaphora
- the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence, verse, or paragraph
ex)
(3rd paragraph) one hundred years later,
(7th) Now is the time to~
(9th) We must ~
(14th) We can never be satisfied ~
(17~24th) I have a dream
(26th) With this faith,
(30th~) Let freedom ring from ~
(last paragraph) from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city,
Since the anaphora emphasizes several key points that Martin Luther King. Jr. is willing to say, it helps the audiences of the speech understand and remember his ideas.
3 Allusion
- a figure of speech reference or representation to a well-known person, place, event or literary work.
Ex)
”Five score years ago…(2nd paragraph)” refers to Lincoln’s famous Gettysburg address speech which began “Four score and seven years ago…” King was speaking in front of the Lincoln memorial.
“Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness (and the rest of paragraph 4)” is a reference to the United States Declaration of Independence.
“sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent” refers to Shakespeare, Richard ⅲ, act 1, scene 1, line 1 with change with season.
There are many biblical allusions;
No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream. Amos 5:24 “But let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream.”
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. Isaiah 40:4-5 “Every valley shall be exalted, and very mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it.”
It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. Psalm 30:5 “… weeping may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the morning.”
And when this happens, . . . we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:
Galatians 3:28 “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.”
4 Ethos is the credible proof the speaker has.
Leadership based on ethos helps maintain the leader’s high status. Ordinary people respect the leader due to his or her personal characteristics, including morality. Therefore, when the leader of ethos make a speech, it is good to make audiences concentrate and believe in the speaker’s saying. Since Martin Luther King Jr. was a minister who is regarded the most moral, ethos enhances the credibility of his speech, “I have a dream.”
5 Pathos is emotional proof that is provided.
Pathos is something emotional and enthusiastic. It is one of the most important ability of leaders, charisma in another name. It is an useful way of non-verbal communication. In the "I have a dream", Martin Luther King Jr. is using pathos effectively by making the speech emotional with proper voice, gestures, and language usages. He persuades audiences through mind, especially by making images through the speech.
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